Natural

For me, growth comprises a series of unbidden crossings instead of some steady sequence of milestones. I come into initiation through early encounters with loss and precarity, where ethical awareness arrives ahead of skill but still demands response. These aren’t moments that announce themselves as formative; they register gradually, through absences that don’t resolve and conditions that don’t stabilize. I don’t just forget what I lose. My losses reorganize how I move, what I notice, and what I can no longer overlook. At the same time, spaces that are meant to confer direction or recognition reveal their own inconsistencies, wherein effort doesn’t reliably translate into security and merit is acknowledged without being supported. Moreover, I moved through these institutions with diligence and intent. I fast-tracked my degrees, kept a steady rhythm of research and publication, and approached my work—and people—in good faith, with the expectation that consistency and care would accumulate into stability. I met expectations and, at times, exceeded them as I navigated conditions that weren’t designed with my positionality in mind. This cultivated a disciplined, adaptive effort characterized by a willingness to continue even when the terms are uneven.

But the outcomes didn’t—and still don’t—align with the labour. Recognition appears intermittently, without continuity. Opportunities remain contingent. What becomes evident over time isn’t a lack of capacity, but a lack of translation between effort and security. To be acknowledged without being retained, to contribute without being anchored, is to occupy a position that is functionally provisional. This doesn’t make me exceptional. It just makes me attentive and teaches me to notice asymmetries of power, the fragility of care, and the ways survival tends to precede understanding. Continuity isn’t structurally guaranteed so much as it depends on conditions that are unevenly distributed and often withdrawn without explanation. After a while, my attention became less of a choice than a disposition further augmented by my disability and neurodivergence. I grew painfully aware enough to register shifts in tone, expectation, what’s said, and what goes unsaid. This mindfulness forms in advance of reassurance, and response becomes something I carry out without the promise that it will be met, reciprocated, or even recognized.

Maybe that’s why I felt by Kraven the Hunter (2024) which depicts initiation as something imposed. This reflects how my own relationship to the world took—and continues to take—shape through intensive perception and responsibility. The movie follows Sergei Kravinoff (Levi Miller) from a violent childhood under the rule of his domineering father, Nikolai (Russell Crowe), as he grows into a relentless personal code. During a hunting expedition in Africa with his younger brother, Dmitri (Billy Barratt), a fatal clash with a lion and an enchantment from Calypso (Diaana Babnicova) transform Sergei by endowing him with inhuman strength, senses, and stamina. But this fractures his family, precarious as is. Sergei withdraws into off-grid isolation while Dmitri remains—and matures—with Nikolai. Years later, Sergei (Aaron Taylor-Johnson) comes out as a hunter of criminal predators he deems “worthy prey,” which eventually forces him to contend with Nikolai’s criminal empire and the divergent fate of Dmitri (Fred Hechinger). Along the way, Sergei reconnects and partners with Calypso (Ariana DeBose), now a prosecutor. Their alliance draws them to conflict with Aleksei Sytsevich (Alessandro Nivola)—also known as the Rhino—and the Foreigner (Christopher Abbott), an ocular hypnotist assassin, whose brute force and mechanized violence crystallize the distortion of the hunt that Sergei strives to overcome. The film traces how his origin functions as an initiation that binds him to violence, ethics, and survival which informs his relationships and sense of responsibility.

Reading the film through a lens of initiation myths allowed me to reflect on my own experience. Maturity isn’t a destination so much as an ongoing practice of coming into, then carrying consciousness that guides our ethos. For example, initiation concerns spiritual encounter among the Dagara in West Africa (Tengan, 2016). People are drawn into initiation because something in their life breaks open—typically via illness, disorientation, or some disruption of psyche—signifying that perception has exceeded ordinary bounds. The trial evinces being in contact with forces beyond the communal norm, so initiation responds to a rupture already underway that teaches the initiate how to carry the deeper awareness without being consumed by it. The outcome is responsibility—not authority—manifest in the capacity to translate between visible and invisible orders. Likewise, Ifà initiation is open to all genders and centres on the ethical weight of knowledge over physicality (Clarke, 2004, p. 244, p. 264). The initiate undergoes ritual seclusion which proffers entering a cosmology where adulthood is defined by their ability to interpret signs and act in balance with unseen forces. This produces intermediaries whose insights carry consequences for others. Initiation here marks the moment when perception becomes obligation which binds the initiate to careful speech, restraint, and accountability.

Alternatively, trance and healing initiation occurs in altered states that bring the initiate near death for San communities in South Africa (Guenther, 2020, p. 11, p. 57). Pain, exhaustion, and visionary experience collapse the boundary between self and world. Initiation confers relational capacity—the ability to move between states of consciousness and return with knowledge that sustains the group—more than status. Survival qualifies the initiate as one who can cross thresholds without being overcome by them. Initiates become attuned to states and mediate intensity as opposed to being subsumed. Being attuned needs regulation where sensation, vision, and bodily strain are interpreted rather than resisted. The initiate comes to recognize shifts in threshold as meaningful and develops an awareness that enables them to hold proximity to extremity.

In Ancient Greece, the Eleusinian Mysteries were infamous for their radical inclusivity that welcomed initiates regardless of gender, class, or origin (Cosmopoulos, 2015, p. 106). These secret initiations culminated in reorientations to mortality instead of mastery over it. What arose was a catharsis regarding one’s relationship to loss and continuity. Initiates were known as those who’d seen something that couldn’t be truly spoken and who therefore carried life differently. Conversely, Orphic initiation focused on a soul’s connection to suffering and repetition (Edmonds, 2013, p. 110). The initiate learned to recognize existence as cyclical rather than progressive and grew bound to ethical restraint over conquest. Pain wasn’t resolved here; it was transmuted as intelligible within broader cosmology. Initiation was about living with a higher consciousness of consequence in knowing that actions echo beyond a single lifetime.

Across Siberian traditions, shamanic initiation is violently transformative (Siikala, 1982, p. 104). The initiate is purposed to be taken by spirits, symbolically dismembered, and reassembled in a mythic articulation of psychological and physiological rupture (Hoppál, 2006, p. 217). This marks a permanent change in perception that separates the initiate from ordinary social life while binding them to communal responsibility. It doesn’t matter who they were before, just that they survived dissolution and returned capable of moving between worlds. In Scandinavia, seiðr initiation—ritual work with fate, prophecy, and altered consciousness—defined aspects of Norse warrior culture (McKay, 2026). Initiation isolated the bearer from normative roles and cast them outside ordinary hierarchies while entrusting them with dangerous insight. The initiate became simultaneously necessary and unnerving because they were marked by knowledge that transcended everyday order.

Initiation happens because something breaks. The initiate doesn’t choose transformation. Familial or social authority recede and life obliges—not rewards—survivors. Initiation is defined by the burden of insight—an altered way of seeing that must be carried, translated, and lived with care—not by the acquisition of power. What follows from that break is a reorientation, so the world doesn’t become clearer in a comforting sense; it becomes more legible in its tensions, inconsistencies, and costs. What was once diffuse sharpens. What was once ignorable persists. This altered perception reorganizes relation because it changes how one interprets action, how one registers consequence, how one situates oneself among others. Authority no longer arrives from outside as instruction. Now, it’s encountered as obligation within perception itself. To see differently is to become responsible for that difference, even when no structure exists to recognize or support it. Insight is a condition that requires ongoing change respective to context since it must be translated into conduct without hardening into certainty or succumbing into withdrawal. Which is why the initiate becomes accountable to what they can no longer overlook. Accountability governs how they speak, when they intervene, and when restraint is needed. It also introduces friction. What appears urgent to the initiate can remain ambient to others. This discrepancy intensifies the burden of carrying perception without immediate confirmation. As such, initiation is less about crossing a threshold than about learning how to inhabit a world that has already changed in how it appears.

Across these hunting cosmologies, the hunt is structured by proximity and mutual risk that binds hunter and hunted to a shared respect. The carbine technology of guns and ammo convolutes this naturalist encounter, so Nikolai’s use of a firearm collapses that relational space and therein severs the ethical symmetry that sustains the hunt. This rupture then initiates a transfer of consequence. Since Nikolai—the one who fires—is literally and figuratively beyond reach, the effect displaces onto the one still positioned within the relational field of the hunt: Sergei. The likeness for sins of the father arises here as the son becomes a site where the broken ethic [of the father] resolves itself. Drawn out of paternal protection, Sergei enters a threshold where ordinary causality gives way to mythic logic. Impersonal forces exceed individual will, so Calypso intervenes in kind because he crosses a line where myth replaces choice (Pohoaţă & Waniek, 2017, p. 45). Events move beyond familial causality into a ritual order that can’t be traditionally reversed or overseen. Although the narrative is thematically underscored by “the sins of the father,” Nikolai’s survival is actually irrelevant to what follows because he’s excluded from the ritual economy he violated. 

Initiation myths tend to insist on this cruelty of severing ties without erasing them, so that the initiate is marked more by loss than inheritance. But not all traditions leave the initiate in exile. While many myths describe rupture and separation, they also describe return. The Dagara initiate re-enters community as mediator. The San healer comes back from altered states carrying knowledge for collective survival. The Siberian shaman, dismembered and reassembled, doesn’t remain outside the village; they stand at its threshold, translating between worlds. Even the Eleusinian initiate, sworn to secrecy, resumes ordinary life altered but not expelled. Separation is part of the rite, not its final destination. This distinction matters. Exile is permanent estrangement; vocation is marked differentiation within relation. The initiate is entrusted with a particular burden of perception, severed from others. Their insight becomes functional rather than isolating, so they’re needed because they’ve crossed. Sergei’s arc complicates this pattern. His initiation fractures lineage and displaces paternal authority, but it doesn’t lead to reintegration through communal recognition. He forges his own code instead of inheriting a sanctioned role. Theres’s no village to receive him as intermediary, no ritual language to translate his altered perception. His solitude becomes more structural than ceremonial, so what might’ve been vocation slides toward personal exceptionalism.

That slippage clarifies something in my own experience. There’s a difference between being set apart by awareness and remaining apart because no structure exists to hold it. When perception evolves without a collective framework to metabolize it, insight risks hardening into isolation since awareness without reintegration becomes exile by default. The initiate carries knowledge but lacks a community that can absorb or respond to it. Perhaps, this is one of the quiet distortions of modern life. Traditional initiation assumes return. Contemporary structures rarely provide it. Insight circulates privately, and responsibility remains individualized and the burden of translation falls inward. One learns to steward perception alone. Then, the question is whether solitude in this context is destiny or adaptation. If exile isn’t intrinsic to initiation, then the problem isn’t awareness itself, but the absence of structures capable of receiving it. Vocation requires recognition. Without recognition, differentiation becomes estrangement. Sergei personifies this tension as his discipline reads as strength, yet it is also a response to the absence of communal care. The hunt becomes his substitute for ritual acknowledgment. Each pursuit confirms his altered status in the only arena available to him. But confirmation through repetition isn’t the same as reintegration. It secures identity without restoring relation and that distinction reframes the entire arc. Isolation may accompany initiation, but it doesn’t need to define it. So, danger becomes about carrying clarity without a place for it to land.

Even though strength is commonly touted as a prize, it appears in Kraven as something inseparable from cost and consequence. Nature doesn’t choose the strongest. It chooses those who understand the cost of strength. When Sergei meets the lion’s gaze, it qualifies him because that understanding takes hold. Likeness is also operant here as their violence is spurred by the cruel authority encoded in patriarchy and natural order in addition to being used—and hunted—by Nikolai. So, Sergei sees himself in the lion. The tragedy is that this recognition can’t save him because violence has already been set in motion, which is central to his character. He learns that understanding nature doesn’t mean you can control it, no respect guarantees mercy, and power is about surviving violence more than strategy or coexistence. Power is passed on through violence. It’s not an asset, just something that must be carried. The lion doesn’t spare Sergei because the world Nikolai represents doesn’t allow innocence, empathy, or mutual recognition to survive.

The scene operates on totemic justice, not cause-and-effect realism. The latter is usually easier to understand since it operates through linear causality. Actions produce outcomes in a traceable sequence: somebody acts, an effect follows, and responsibility is assigned based on proximity to that action. Intention, evidence, and procedural logic matter here because we assume that events can be explained, judged, and resolved through identifiable chains of cause. Within this model, justice is corrective or adjudicative because it seeks to match consequence to action in a way that restores balance through explanation and accountability. That’s not the case for totemic justice which works through symbolic and relational logic instead of sequence. Consequence doesn’t exactly follow from direct action; it comes from recognition, position, and participation within a broader field of relation. Responsibility is transferred through likeness, proximity, or a breach of an underlying order, even if the affected people didn’t initiate the event—which makes intention secondary to order. It doesn’t matter who caused something in a procedural sense. What matters is who stands in relation to it [whatever was caused] after the fact. Whatever justice ensues is redistributive, often irreversible which isn’t corrective in a legal or clean-cut causal sense. The key here is less to explain events than reconfigure who must carry their weight. I think that’s why the scene feels so uncanny to me, because understanding drives change. Once recognition happens, something has to change, and someone must carry that. There’s no closure because initiation is an enduring condition that continues to inform how we live in the world. 

The classic Marvel comics—where he famously refers to Spider-Man as “the most dangerous game,” a nod to the short story by Richard Connell—show Kraven as an arrogant aristocrat fixated on Spider-Man. Domination defines his sense of worth, so the hunt serves to prove his superiority. Kraven’s violence remains theatrical and self-referential even when his stories become psychologically complex. He’s a character driven by reputation, legacy, and a need to demonstrate mastery over an exceptional opponent. Other adaptations—mostly video games and animated versions—tend to emphasize Kraven’s flamboyance, ritualism, or exoticism. Kraven appears as a dramatic, almost operatic figure in the 90s animated series. He was a hunter who became mortally wounded after saving his fiancée—a scientist who would later become Calypso—and transforms into a bestial antihero after being given a life-saving serum. This origin and personality loosely characterize miscellaneous media appearances, comprised of an identity that hinges on ritual hunts as well as objectives or displays of domination. Recent video game adaptations—such as Marvel’s Spider-Man 2—show Kraven as a legendary warlord who embodies a hunting philosophy in elaborate arenas, mechanized traps, and escalating trials. All these portrayals invest in spectacle, competition, and theatrical brutality that posit Kraven’s violence as something to be witnessed and overcome.

Kraven shows us someone whose defining moment is private. Sergei remains Sergei, and “Kraven” is his ambiguous albeit mindful alter ego. Both are recast as austere, solitary, somewhat introverted whose core logic of showmanship is replaced by values of initiation and loyalty. The film pares back vanity and excess to cultivate personae who are thoughtfully bound to a code that precedes ambition. Hunting is an obligation Sergei carries, not a performance he stages. It’s how he keeps faith with the consequences of his initiation and the cost of the strength he bears. What distinguishes this portrayal is the absence of audience. When he acts, he’s not seeking recognition or affirmation. Although he finds himself reflective after the odd callout by Dmitri, Sergei ultimately acts regardless of whether he’s witnessed or understood. This adds another layer to the “Kraven” identity as a condition that clarifies how he must move through the world. The name marks continuity between perception and action more than a departure from himself. There are no appearances to keep up, just a consistency to maintain. Each hunt reaffirms the ethos that connects what he sees and what he does to reinforce a logic that substitutes for external acknowledgment, so the absence of performance isn’t emptiness but compression, where meaning is contained within action instead of shown through it.

Hunters live in the same world as the rest of us, where goodness has no protective power. Being gentle, ethical, or well-intentioned doesn’t secure survival, recognition, or justice. What sets hunters apart from us is a more explicit acceptance that action and responsibility can’t be deferred to innocence or hope. Many of us are hunters in our right as we navigate a world that demands response once recognition takes hold. As Sergei is never spared despite his principle or prowess, what matters is how one responds once that truth is revealed. He doesn’t believe that moral virtue floats above consequence; he believes that action must answer for imbalance. Hunters accept that the world doesn’t intrinsically reward integrity, so they drive at responsibility instead of innocence. The reason Sergei is noble comes from refusing denial since he doesn’t hide behind intentions, excuses, or purity. He acts with the knowledge that survival, power, and harm are already in play—and he chooses to bind those forces to a code.

This Kraven is noble because his likeness acknowledges that justice doesn’t come independently, being ‘good’ doesn’t spare anyone from the costs of living in a violent world, and responsibility starts where comfort ends. That said, this position isn’t without its own ethical tension. If responsibility is always driven through action, then the threshold for intervention becomes hard to define. Acting in response to perceived imbalance can uphold order, but it also limits the prospects for which alternative responses might emerge. The commitment to consequence risks becoming continuous, where restraint must be actively chosen rather than assumed. This tension exposes the demands of Sergei’s ethic. When he’s working relying neither on innocence nor external oversight, each decision carries forward to inform conditions of the next—which means there’s no neutral position to withdraw from. The discipline that underwrites his nobility binds him to a mode that rarely permits suspension, so it stays exacting. It needs discernment without certainty, action without guarantee, and consistency without any reassurance of recognition or reciprocation.

There’s another tension in the hunter’s ethic I can’t ignore here: when accountability is centered on action rather than essence, and when institutions are perceived as compromised or indifferent, the temptation arises to assume the role of arbiter oneself. If systems fail to correct imbalance, the disciplined individual may feel compelled to intervene. In Sergei’s case, the hunt becomes a corrective instrument. He identifies “worthy prey,” assesses conduct, and enacts consequence. His code functions as an internal judiciary. The logic is simple enough in that if harm circulates through repeated action, then response must also circulate through deliberate action. But self-appointment carries risk. Without shared oversight, even principled judgment can calcify. The one who measures imbalance therefore becomes insulated from being measured in turn. A code may bind conduct, but it doesn’t automatically generate accountability beyond itself. The danger enclosure, not hypocrisy. When ethical authority rests entirely within the self, revision depends wholly on introspection. There’s no external tribunal capable of challenging interpretation, no collective forum through which proportionality is negotiated, so precision can become unilateral.

However, this doesn’t render Sergei ignoble. It clarifies the precarity of his position since he distinguishes being from action. He directs consequence toward conduct. He resists theatrical domination. Even so, the architecture remains solitary. The same discipline that restrains him also shields him from relational audit. His justice is rigorous, but not dialogical—and that distinction matters as the impulse toward self-appointment tends to come from disillusionment in life more broadly. When institutions falter, when representation substitutes for transformation, when accountability appears performative, the disciplined individual may feel justified in withdrawing trust and asserting private governance. Closed systems feel cleaner than compromised collectives. But private governance carries its own ethical burden. Think, who corrects the corrector? Who recalibrates the calibrator? The risk is subtle. Over time, discernment may begin to conflate consistency with righteousness; and the absence of contradiction may be mistaken for moral clarity. Self-regulation becomes self-legitimation. In guarding against predation, the hunter risks normalizing perpetual adjudication.

Precision gives clarity. It sharpens judgment, stabilizes response, and protects against misreading. It allows one to identify patterns, assign consequence, and maintain coherence across time. In a world where harm repeats, precision feels necessary since it guards against naïveté and refuses dilution. It ensures that what’s been learned isn’t easily forgotten. But precision alone doesn’t account for mercy. Mercy complicates accountability. It introduces elasticity into judgment without eliminating consequence. Where precision draws clean lines, mercy attends to context in terms of timing, capacity, contradiction, and the possibility of change that doesn’t yet register as pattern. It allows for response without immediate closure. Within a solitary ethical structure, mercy can seem indistinguishable from risk. Incorporating it requires tolerating uncertainty, and uncertainty reintroduces exposure. It asks one to remain open where closure would feel safer. For someone geared to discipline, this is a structural shift that means allowing for responses not fully determined by precedent.

Sergei’s code privileges restraint, proportionality, and consequence. It limits excess and avoids spectacle. Yet it rarely makes space for mercy as such. The hunt concludes in decision, not reconsideration. This aligns with his initiation, which binds him to responsibility more so than absolution. Still, the absence of mercy narrows the range of possible outcomes. Encounters tend toward confirmation as opposed to transformation. Generally, in life, a framework centered around precision risks foreclosing the variability that it seeks to interpret. When every action is read through established pattern, deviation struggles to register as genuine and change becomes difficult to recognize unless it’s already complete. So, mercy here entails the capacity to hold a moment open long enough to see whether something else might emerge.

Initiation myths traditionally guard against this through reintegration. The shaman returns to community to serve, not to dominate. The initiate’s authority is recognized yet bound by collective structure. Sergei lacks that reintegrative scaffold. His discipline remains internal, and therefore fragile. Without relational counterweight, even restraint can harden. The problem isn’t the decisions he makes; it’s the fact that the decisions are exclusively at his sole discretion. Ethical life requires conviction andpermeability. When one stands entirely outside shared processes, even in the name of integrity, the line between responsibility and unilateralism narrows. The hunter’s code can preserve order, but order sustained without reciprocal scrutiny risks becoming another form of control. All the same, this tension doesn’t negate Sergei’s nobility. If anything, it speaks to the complexity because his strength and discipline are admirable. Still, strength governed without dialogue is precarious. And maybe that precarity is one subtlety of the film: not whether his actions are justified, but whether anyone can bear the burden of acting alone without gradually becoming the very force they sought to correct.

Unlike the Kravens of yore, this one recognizes and accepts his own participation in harm and power, and chooses to act with accountability to their consequences. Like when he talks to Dmitri—“I don’t hate people. I hate what they do.”—he discerns between being and action. His hatred isn’t directed at existence, identity, or even desire; it’s directed at conduct and impact. That distinction matters because it places responsibility squarely in the realm of choice and outcome over essence. People aren’t condemned for who they are, but they’re answerable for what they enact in the world. This separation echoes an ethical orientation in which character is treated as but as something disclosed through patterned action by what is done repeatedly, and therefore what becomes attributable; not something fixed. Aristotle (2009) accounts of ethical life wherein virtue is something formed through habituation and actions that sediment into stable dispositions—hexeis—over time. What one is cannot be meaningfully separated from what one does because action is the medium through which character becomes legible. So, responsibility is defined by conduct that is enacted, reiterated, and made consistent in the world. As Alasdair MacIntyre (2007) argues, actions are intelligible within practices and traditions that give them coherence over time; responsibility emerges not from isolated intent but from participation in forms of life that shape what actions mean and what they produce. Harm, then, is not an abstract moral category but something that accumulates through conduct, taking shape in its effects rather than its justifications. At the same time, attribution does not collapse the person into the act. Paul Ricoeur (1992) frames the self as one who can be held accountable through action without being reduced to it. Basically, the self is a being capable of imputation whose deeds are owned, interpreted, and answered for without exhausting the entirety of one’s subjectivity. Impact becomes the measure, not intention or identity. What persists in the wake of an action—who is diminished, what is altered, what cannot be undone—grounds ethical judgment (p. 64, p. 74). Similarly, Sergei refutes the comfort of moral absolution that casts people as purely good or irredeemably evil because he accepts a harder truth instead; that harm is produced through actions, repeatedly and knowingly, and reckoning belongs there. This discourse preserves the distinction without softening its demands as it leaves open the possibility of change, but only through altered conduct, not redefined identity.

Centering action over essence brings everyday habits and performances into view as sites where harm continues to take root. When accountability is located in what people repeatedly enact—what they applaud, ignore, normalize, or excuse—the focus shifts from condemning humanity to interrogating participation. This reframing also redirects attention to scale. Harm accumulates through minor, sustained alignments that rarely announce themselves as ethical positions. Harm isn’t just produced through overt decisions or singular events. A laugh offered at the wrong moment, a silence maintained for convenience, a preference enacted without reflection—these aren’t incidental. They’re mechanisms through which environments take shape and sustain themselves. So, what becomes visible are the conditions under which wrongdoing remains legible yet unaddressed. Participation works through proximity instead of intention. One doesn’t need to endorse harm explicitly to help maintain it. Remaining adjacent without interruption can be sufficient. This complicates the notion of responsibility because it exceeds direct causality. Accountability begins to include not only what one initiates, but what one permits to continue through inaction or accommodation. This also changes how change is understood. Transformation is less about declaration and more about disruption at the level of habit, noticing where repetition substitutes for reflection and where familiarity absolves scrutiny. The ethical demand becomes ongoing rather than episodic, situated in the continuous adjustment of conduct as opposed to in isolated moments of correction. Responsibility is defined by the attention to how one’s presence participates in shaping what persists.

Which makes me think of the phrase “bread and circuses”—drawn from the Roman poet Juvenal—that describes a pattern where material comfort and spectacle are used to occupy public attention while deeper political or structural concerns go unchallenged (Aldrete, 2021, p. 4). This can be likened to how mass entertainment, consumer culture, and performative media cycles can subsume collective energy, which undermines civic action or critical reflection. Empire thrives on symbolic display, and people lend it their applause in ways that ultimately diminish their own agency. To be clear: there’s nothing wrong with joy. It’s just that when distraction becomes habitual, public life narrows to consumption instead of participation and people gradually forgo consciousness to the forces that define their conditions.

The same pattern appears in the language of representation. Under neoliberal logics, visibility tends to substitute for transformation, and symbolic inclusion stands in for structural change. Representation becomes a consumable image—circulated, celebrated, and monetized—while material disparities persist. In this economy, shared qualifiers do not automatically generate solidarity, because proximity to power can coexist with complicity. What unnerves me isn’t joy or visibility, but the way they are mobilized to signal progress while leaving the underlying architecture of oppression intact. 

I’m starting to see that this isn’t simply about employment, grief, or having been wronged. Those are real pressures, but they aren’t the whole story. What’s actually taken root is a generalized mistrust which comprises the assumption that institutions will fail, communities are conditional, and individuals will eventually withdraw. The instability and losses in my life have reinforced it, but the pattern extends beyond any single event. I’ve started to interpret contingency as inevitability and impermanence as proof that nothing holds. That stance feels like realism, even clarity, but it’s also a defensive consolidation; if nothing ia trusted, nothing can surprise me. The problem is that this posture protects me from disappointment while quietly narrowing my capacity to experience anything as secure, even when it might be. Generalized mistrust feels protective, but it also becomes self-sealing. 

Eliminating trust doesn’t eliminate risk. It eliminates intimacy.

It’s not wrong that some people are traitors.

It’s not wrong that solidarity rhetoric can prove hollow. 

It’s not wrong that institutions are unreliable.

But when mistrust becomes global, it prevents us from gathering—if even just experiencing—evidence to the contrary.

If I never confide in others, then I can’t gather data about whether anyone [else] can hold that vulnerability.

If I never expand my network, then I’ll never discover which people are worthwhile.

Isolation and preoccupation, even obsession seem to guarantee safety by shrinking exposure; but shrinking exposure also shrinks possibility. 

When Sergei assumes the world operates through predation, he refuses the vulnerability of innocence. 

Rather than risk being wounded, he chooses to wound first. 

Rather than hope for goodness, he aligns himself with brutality as oversight. 

The mantle of Kraven the Hunter is built on anticipation. The rationale being: if harm is inevitable, then the only rational position is dominance. Kraven has always transformed contingency into certainty and fear into control. Every iteration distrusts the world to be equitable, so he becomes its arbiter; preferring isolation and force over exposure and possible betrayal. His power reads as strength, but it’s sustained by the conviction that nothing and no one can be relied upon—which creates a closed system. Sure, closed systems feel controlled. 

But they also concentrate pressure.

Sergei is alone and lacks external relational anchors. Isolation strands him to deal with all emotional processing, all reassurance needs, all belonging, and all safety regulation. That’s heavy for anyone. Kraven leans into that weight to show him as someone who regulates himself through discipline over dialogue, and through codes instead of companionship. 

I talked about the Cassandra effect before and likened naming the experience of perceiving patterns of complicity, spectacle, or structural betrayal before others seem willing—or ready—to acknowledge them. While the defining aspect of Cassandra’s tragedy is just that she foresaw things people disbelieved, another element is how that recognition yielded isolation. Being unheard turns discernment into estrangement over time. This made me think of structural critique—attention to systems, incentives, and repeated behaviours that reproduce harm—that locates responsibility in what’s enacted and sustained. That clarity pays attention to consequence. The danger arises when structural critique drifts into totalizing judgment; when patterns harden into anthropology and participation becomes proof of essence. That’s when disappointment transforms into a global verdict about people as such. This distinction matters because one preserves analytic precision while the other negates variation. Structural critique questions habits, performances, and incentives. Totalizing judgment condemns humanity wholesale. The former allows for earned solidarity and selective trust; the latter converts clarity into exile. Holding that line—between naming structures and condemning people—may be the difference between living with consciousness and living alone with it. 

In my case, the Cassandra effect has started to vindicate some solitary absolutism. More often than not, consciousness imparts that relief and hope are naïve. But consciousness needs less isolation than selective containment. I choose where and with whom my clarity is shared, rather than doing so indiscriminately. I set boundaries around what I’ll engage, take on, and which relationships hold complexity without collapsing into denial or spectacle. Moreover, I assert my integrity and qualifications without apology. 

My experience, training, and labour are real—and they warrant respect. 

I recognize my rights to dignity, fair treatment, and material stability—and I refuse to internalize disrespect as I refute erasure or exploitation as the cost of participation. 

My boundaries aren’t hostility; they’re the terms under which I remain present. I engage the world with consciousness, and I insist on being met with the same respect I extend to others. 

My consciousness is stewarded instead of broadcast or hoarded; protected from dilution, but also from turning into exile.

Even with that, something remains unresolved. Selective containment offers structure, but it doesn’t dissolve the conditions that made it necessary. It refines engagement without restoring ease. The world remains what it is—uneven, inconsistent, and often unaccountable—regardless of how carefully I regulate my response to it. This is where my likeness to Sergei lingers. Not in violence, but in the persistence of orientation. Once perception sharpens, it doesn’t return to its former state. The initiate doesn’t “go back.” They carry forward. What changes isn’t what’s seen, but how it’s held. Sergei doesn’t stop hunting because the world doesn’t stop producing what he recognizes as imbalance. Likewise, consciousness doesn’t recede simply because it’s burdensome. It remains operative. It continues to register patterns, to detect dissonance, to resist the ease of forgetting. Then, discipline isn’t only in restraint or containment, but in deciding how much of that perception to act upon—and when.

Maybe that’s the quieter form of initiation. Not the moment of rupture, but the ongoing negotiation that follows it. How to remain lucid without becoming sealed. How to retain discernment without collapsing into inevitability. How to engage without surrendering to illusion, and how to withdraw without relinquishing relation altogether. I don’t think there is a stable resolution to that, only adjustment.

And maybe that’s the point.

Well, for now anyway. 

Title song reference – “Natural” by S Club 7


References

Aldrete, G. S. (2021). “Bread and circuses”: Ancient Rome, modern science fiction, and the art of political distraction. Film & History, 51(2): 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1353/flm.2021.0004

Alves, M. R. P. (2020). The natural fallacy in a post‐truth era: A perspective on the natural sciences’ permeability to values. EMBO Reports, 21(2): e49859. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201949859

Aristotle. (2009). Nicomachean ethics (W. D. Ross, Trans.). Oxford University Press. (Original work ca. 350 BCE)

Chignell, A. (2010). The ethics of belief. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Spring 2013 ed.). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/ethics-belief/

Clarke, K. M. (2004). Mapping Yorùbá networks: Power and agency in the making of transnational communities. Duke University Press.

Cosmopoulos, M. B. (2015). Bronze Age Eleusis and the origins of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Cambridge University Press.

Edmonds, R. G. (2013). Redefining ancient Orphism: A study in Greek religion. Cambridge University Press.

Guenther, M. (2020). Human-animal relationships in San religion. Routledge.

Hoppál, M. (2006). The place of shamanism in Hungarian culture. Ethnologie Française, 36(2): 215-225. https://doi.org/10.3917/ethn.062.0215

MacIntyre, A. (2007). After virtue (3rd ed.). University of Notre Dame Press.

McKay, E. (2026, January 30). Seiðr craft – Chapter 18: The quiet initiations. Wyrd and Flame. https://www.wyrdandflame.com/wyrd-wisdom/seidr18

Northover, R.A. (2021). Durkheim’s totemic principle, shamanism and Southern African San religions. HTS Theological Studies 77(2): a6709. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i2.6709

Pohoaţă, G., & Waniek, I. (2017). Mircea Eliade: From the history of religions to philosophical anthropology. Cogito, 9(4): 43-50.

Ricoeur, P. (1992). Oneself as another (K. Blamey, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.

Siikala, A.-L. (1982). The Siberian Shaman’s technique of ecstasy. Religious Ecstasy, 11: 103-124. https://doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67133

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Justified & Ancient

In the earliest myths, punishment descended from the heavens. The defiant were struck down, chained, or condemned to eternal repetition: Prometheus bound for stealing fire; Sisyphus condemned to his ceaseless ascent; Tantalus forever reaching for what retreats. These figures embodied divine justice as spectacle and punishment as something done tothe transgressor by cosmic authority. Then, philosophers started to reframe mythic punishment as psychological disequilibrium wherein vice is a pathology of the soul. They began to reinterpret these myths allegories of inner disorder rather than literal accounts of divine wrath. Iniquity was likened to fracture one’s own being, falling out of harmony with reason, truth, and the order of things. 

Plato reinterpreted torment as the consequence of an imbalanced soul. In the Republic and Gorgias, wrongdoing became its own affliction because vice disfigured the psyche long before any external penalty was imposed. The soul itself became the theatre of justice. Socrates’ claim that “it is better to suffer injustice than to commit it” redefined the moral cosmos, turning vice from an external offense into a pathology of the soul. Later, the Stoics developed this into a moral psychology. They saw anger, greed, and fear as symptoms of a diseased spirit rather than offenses that required divine punishment. Early Christian thinkers like Augustine expanded on this by defining sin as a “privation of good” and inner exile from God, a self-inflicted hell. By the Enlightenment and beyond, philosophers—from Spinoza to Nietzsche—had secularized this insight. Punishment emerged from within, as guilt, alienation, or disintegration of self. Once punishment was understood as internal imbalance, the focus shifted from appeasing divine authority to restoring psychological and ethical equilibrium. Myths of endless toil and frustration served as metaphors for the restless mind caught in its own contradictions and for the regretful nature of evil. Injustice became its own prison, hubris its own chain—and this inward turn still shapes modern storytelling where moral conflict often plays out as a crisis within.

Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths (2010) externalizes that tension through parallel worlds of virtue and corruption, continuing a tradition that began in ancient Greece: the recognition that every cosmic struggle is also psychological; that the conflict between good and evil lies within the divided human soul. The story unfolds across parallel universes. In one world—our world—the familiar Justice League exists as heroes: Superman (Mark Harmon), Batman (William Baldwin), Wonder Woman (Vanessa Marshall), Green Lantern (Nolan North), J’onn J’onzz (also known as “Martian Manhunter,” voiced by Jonathan Adams), and The Flash (Josh Keaton)—while in another, an evil counterpart dominates the planet through corruption and fear. They call themselves the Crime Syndicate, led by Ultraman (Brian Bloom), Owlman (James Woods), Superwoman (Gina Torres), Power Ring (also Nolan North), J’edd J’arkus,and Johnny Quick (James Patrick Stewart). From the alternate Earth, Lex Luthor (Chris Noth) escapes to our Earth to seek help from the Justice League. As the last surviving resister, Luthor hopes they can help overthrow the tyranny. The Justice League clash with their villainous doppelgängers in efforts to dismantle the Syndicate’s global control. However, a deeper conflict centres on Owlman whose nihilistic worldview leads him to a plan that transcends ordinary evil. Believing that existence itself is meaningless due to the infinite number of parallel worlds, he steals a quantum weapon to destroy Earth Prime, the original world from which all others diverged; and thus resolves to erase the multiverse entirely. 

To me, Owlman’s despair completes the philosophical descent from divine punishment to self-annihilation. Once evil is no longer punished by gods but corrodes the self from within, nihilism becomes its purest expression; the soul that, unable to reconcile meaning with multiplicity, seeks to end meaning altogether. His desire to destroy Earth Prime is the metaphysical equivalent of the tormented psyche longing for silence, like a Promethean intellect turning its fire against creation itself. In him, punishment and vice collapse into one act as the punishment he inflicts upon the cosmos is the punishment he unconsciously desires for himself—which is why he ultimately chooses to perish. 

Then, there’s Ultraman whose menace lies in his utter normalization of cruelty. He rules through the exhibition of impunity and personifies as brute authority as the inverse of Superman’s moral ideal. He’s power without principle, strength ungoverned by empathy. His tyranny is more performative than abstract as he reminds the President (an alternate version of Deathstroke voiced by Bruce Davison) that the Syndicate murdered the First Lady during a failed assassination attempt and suffered no consequences; a declaration meant not merely to terrorize but to prove that might is immune to justice. Where Owlman’s evil is reflective, seeking meaning in annihilation, Ultraman’s is instinctive as the latter’s creed is that power justifies itself. For me, he illustrates the fulfillment of what philosophers once feared when virtue ceased to be cosmic law; that strength, unmoored from moral order, would crown itself as the only truth. In him, punishment no longer descends from heaven or arises from conscience; it becomes a spectacle of dominance, a demonstration that there is no higher court than force itself. 

And while Ultraman enacts domination through fear, Superwoman wields it through desire. She distorts the compassionate strength of Wonder Woman into possession and provocation wherein power functions as erotic and authoritarian. She has no use for moral conviction since she commands loyalty by manipulating others’ appetites and insecurities. In her, love—or something like it—is reduced to leverage, and affection becomes a form of conquest. Her relationship with both Ultraman and Owlman encapsulates this dynamic in the comics where she seduces each in turn. And this seduction isn’t driven by fidelity or passion; it’s a means to assert control, to keep them orbiting her pull of ego and cruelty. What makes her so fearsome is her deliberate perversion of intimacy. She derives power from deceit and domination, turning care into coercion and compassion into spectacle. 

Power Ring depicts the corruption of fear. His ring, unlike Green Lantern’s symbol of will and creativity, enslaves rather than liberates. It speaks to him, dominates him, and feeds upon his anxiety. His every act of aggression is rooted in terror; the desperate need to prove mastery over a power he cannot control. Where the Lantern’s oath is an assertion of inner order [“In brightest day, in blackest night…”], Power Ring’s existence is an admission of inner chaos. He wields power but lacks sovereignty. His weapon of choice is a parasite reflecting the tyranny of his own psyche. Unlike Sinestro, whose corruption springs from authoritarian conviction—the belief that order must be imposed through fear—Power Ring’s evil arises from submission, not control. Sinestro is tyrannical while Power Ring is terrified. The former wields fear as an instrument of dominion, the latter is its instrument as a slave to the dread that sustains his strength. Moreover, his character exposes the inverse of Stoic virtue. The Stoics saw courage as the harmony of reason and passion, the calm governance of self, whereas Power Ring is governed by fear. His spirit is fractured, subject to an external will masquerading as his own. He represents what happens when one’s moral center collapses entirely; when the self becomes host to the very force it fears. In that sense, he is the purest embodiment of vice as psychological disequilibrium: a man so divided that even his source of power becomes a source of torment.

Though only briefly referenced, J’edd J’arkus speaks to the death of empathy itself. J’onn J’onzz channels telepathy as communion. He links minds to share understanding to evince a harmony in the collective soul: a state of moral and emotional attunement in which individual minds and wills are aligned through empathy, reason, and shared purpose. As such, this forms a unified ethical consciousness rather than a collection of isolated selves. On the other side of that, J’edd’s marks spiritual disintegration. His telepathy is about intrusion as opposed to understanding, operant upon weaponizing intimacy and reading minds to dominate rather than to understand. In him, the Martian gift of connection becomes a curse of surveillance. Additionally, his very absence—narratively and conscientiously—signifies a warped presence; a void that speaks to the moral isolation of his world. Early in the film, his death is mentioned without grief or reflection; just a passing detail in a world numbed to loss. But this omission is the point: in a universe where every virtue is inverted, there is no mourning because there is no empathy left to mourn with.

Finally, Johnny Quick manifests the perversion of temperance. The Flash runs on—no pun intended—hope and vitality. What defines him is the catharsis that adversities are not meant to be prevented or all consuming, but honoured. Even though he can time travel, he understands that time [temporal paths and values] shouldn’t—and simply can’t, by virtue of reciprocal causation—undone. Following The Flashpoint Paradox, Barry Allen as The Flash learns that it’s okay to be defined by adversities; but more so defined in the way that a compass defines direction, not the way that a chain defines captivity. Wally West—the version of The Flash in this film and predominantly featured throughout the DC animated universe otherwise—carries that lesson further. He appreciates presence, understanding that velocity without connection is emptiness. Across comics and adaptations, his characterization transforms speed from escape into empathy. He runs to stay in touch with history, not alter it. He seeks to close the distances that grief, guilt, and time impose. His sense of motion becomes communion as a way of feeling the world’s pulse rather than fleeing from it. Through him, the Flash’s legacy evolves from mastery over time to harmony with it.

Which also sets him apart from the Reverse Flash—Eobard Thawne—who never comes to realize that despair is the only outcome when you relive or redo life events without any space for meaning to circulate. Personally, I can appreciate this as I find myself contending with—what feels like a never-ending—repetition [of adversities] without relief because new losses reopen old ones before healing can occur. In that respect, injustice and loneliness reinforce the sense that everything is pointless; and I find myself praying for things—all things—to simply just end. Then, I remember the Dark Flash [as seen in The Flash (2023)] whose character is defined by tirelessly trying to unravel a fixed point and orchestrate a perfect outcome. Each temporal intervention just reopens his first wound, and he keeps running back to the origin instead of forward through its echoes. For me, in everyday life, this entails intrusive thoughts respective to my OCD—constantly revisiting the “what ifs”—and aptly feeling that every new attachment only rehearses the inevitability of loss; to which the adversities stop transforming and start depleting. 

Likewise, Johnny Quick purposes speed as compulsion. Driven by arrogance and the terror of insignificance, he doesn’t run toward anything; he runs away. His energy is manic. For him, speed is addiction. Velocity evinces a desperate refusal to pause long enough to face the void within. He’s like the Syndicate’s Sisyphus as a figure condemned to perpetual motion wherein his every triumph immediately collapses into futility. His final act—overexerting his metabolism until it kills him—turns this pathology into a tragic metaphor as his body disintegrates under the very force that defines him, as if the cosmos itself enacts poetic justice for his excess. When Johnny Quick realizes that Batman outwitted him to assume a fatal role [in lieu of The Flash] under a bogus premise of him being faster [than The Flash], he simply smirks: “Good one, mate.” Even in death, he proves consumed by the velocity of his own vice. He represents the soul that mistakes movement for meaning, collapsing from within when it can no longer outrun its own emptiness.

So, the Crime Syndicate come from a world that isn’t exactly a mirror of our own. Their Earth is a metaphysical inversion where every virtue becomes its own caricature. But this inversion also exposes the moral contingency of all worlds. Goodness isn’t the default; it must be continually chosen, created, and renewed. In life as we know it, evil may often prevail in power or perpetuity, but it can’t define meaning unless we let it. The classic hero’s struggle, like the soul’s, is to resist the normalization of corruption rather than eradicate it completely; to keep the light from dimming in a cosmos inclined toward shadow. The parallel worlds in Crisis on Two Earths are less about cosmic dualism than about the fragility of being—or becoming—human; the perpetual effort to make life more than repetition, more than entropy. However they may prove violated or misplaced, I’ve come to accept that my good faith and goodwill don’t make me weak. They enable me to feel, connect, and move through life with wisdom and integrity instead of just force. While the Crime Syndicate depict what happens when the soul collapses inward, the Justice League represent what it means to keep moving forward and persist in faith, justice, and compassion even when the universe seems indifferent. For all its darkness, I think Crisis on Two Earths reminds us that life, like virtue, is something we create through choice. Not the absence of evil, but the refusal to let evil be final.

Title song reference – “Justified & Ancient” by The KLF ft. Tammy Wynette

Born To Be Alive

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Many other critics maintain that the Saw series forwent character development in favour of shock value, which rendered flat and consequently unrelatable personae; and that may hold true as viewers aren’t invested in player survival as much as they are passive to their imminent failure and demise thereafter. Fatality is conveyed through rapid, sometimes incorrigible reverse shots. Shots do linger, even in their haste, on timers and machinations which punctuate gruesome excisions. I never expected players to win as I watched each Saw instalment back when it debuted.

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What I found telling was the profusely low likelihood of victory. The odds of success never increase with the number of players, most of whose involvements are cited as unethical since the lives of others are not subject to their own games, but meant as pawns in another’s; contingent upon a lone player’s decision or success. For me, this is yet another unnerving element: everyone can or does have a role to play. No one is safe or absolved. Jigsaw purposes people as actants or accessories in each game.

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Saw is one of many franchises which vindicate my misanthropy as it evinces that—more often than not, regardless of what’s at stake—catharsis proves to be a fruitless objective. People are fickle. Proud. Rampantly complacent and unapologetic. Disparities which precede and prevail define our systems wherein too few, if any are truly invested in change. But Saw isn’t marked for me by its legion of losers or (very few) winners. It’s the indiscriminate subject selection. Games are not exclusive to particular demographics: they can and do include privileged positionalities. Had the series continued, I would’ve liked to see a wider inclusion of aristocrats and celebrities.

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I would say that the attention paid to cops is thematic, but it seems more coincidental than calculative. The players in blue are primarily those assigned to the case. I find their deaths—and therefore, lack of revelation—entirely too convenient respective to Jigsaw’s/John Kramer’s [Tobin Bell] favour despite how he waxes poetic about their obsessions or shortcomings. I find the bulk of them are as unrelatable as the other players. Detectives Tapp [Danny Glover], Kerry [Dina Meyer], and Gibson [Chad Donella] are my only exceptions. The first being avidly albeit ignobly compelled to pursue answers to his own detriment, whereas insurmountable odds were foisted upon the latter.

Then, there’s Detective Rigg [Lyriq Bent] who invokes a little of both.

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The entirety of the Saw series captivated me from start to finish. Quite frankly, respective to philosophy and cinema studies, I’m surprised by its absence in scholarship or wider speculation. For many, the franchise has been characterized and condemned as torture porn, coding sadism and gratuitous gore as a central [and tactless] narrative device. Others purport that Saw is an indictment of the very existentialism its eponymous antihero purports. That Kramer simultaneously establishes, maintains, and circumvents game parameters renders each trial to be a mere vanity project. What drives that prospect home is how he admonishes the murderous dimensions of his accomplices yet remains ultimately passive to them, allowing them to continue and therein subject players to inescapable traps.

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Compared to the other Saw movies, Saw IV (2007) isn’t exactly more intimate although it does feature the smallest roster of swine fated to reap what they sow. Viewers know that individuation is key to the Saw series, a standard effected through Saw IV’s predecessors: the frigid formality of Dr. Gordon [I]; Detective Matthews’ graft and outrage [II]; and Jeff Denlon’s irreconcilable bereavement and outrage [III]. Peripheral players had explicit connections respectively to each film’s main players: forsaken patients, victims, or bystanders whom wither or stagnate because of cyclic anguish.

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In Saw IV, Detective Rigg braves the moral quandary of complacency. He must acknowledge that he cannot—and moreover, should not—save everyone. That victory entails he be his own saviour imbues a degree of irony to this learning objective because goodwill is [ideally] supposed to be what motivates the intervention and prevention of violence, along with the subsequent detection or apprehension of its perpetrators. Bearing this in mind, it proves useful that players in Saw IV are rather impersonal instead of woven into Rigg’s personal tapestry because there is something distinctly universal in the conclusion he should arrive at. His game conveys that people are and can be accountable for their adversities despite the guise or actuality of victimhood. To impart this, one’s familiarity or lack thereof is inconsequential.

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Parallels can be drawn between Rigg as an impulsive agent of judiciaries whom are prescribed to affirm social order, and Kramer who entraps wayward souls as an essentialist paladin. Transgression marks the distinction between the two. Rigg is spurred to action less out of virtuosity and more because he succumbs to an idealism that casts him as sanctimonious and headstrong. Whereas Kramer acts in a state of pronoia, impassive to what transpires within or beyond the realm of his control, Rigg assumes he himself possesses the capacity—no matter how grand or infinitesimal—to change things for the better and his failure to do so results in a crisis of faith.

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Not once does it occur to either Kramer or Rigg that the system is broken. One need only consider the significance of hegemony and qualifiers of positionality which account for disparities. Introspectively, both men conclude—but cannot acquiesce—that no amount of conviction can absolve this. Kramer resolves to incite an appreciation for life itself in disconsolate people by subjecting them to excruciating machinations purported to trigger a survival instinct. He contends that he hasn’t actually killed anyone and that failure results because of the players themselves. Their fate, he maintains, is in their own hands.

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Alternatively, Rigg endeavours to arbitrate justice despite the prevalence of injustice. That he is the most fervent denominator in the scheme of things—against the grain of comparatively hapless or dispassionate parties—means that he assumes rather fruitless pursuits. This in itself may bear an element reflective of modernity wherein the individual grows increasingly alienated and tasked against the decline [and deregulation] of initiatives traditionally attributed to the welfare state. Antiquity is conversely imparted through Kramer’s brute, analogue machinations which are contrived in the interests of functionality as much as austerity. Likewise, the phylogeny of enterprise or capital interest evinces oppressive contingencies as the market fails to yield fair or equitable outcomes. It is the accrual of capital, not magnanimity which becomes tantamount to esteem; and it is the inordinate, systemic concept of accountability that motivates Rigg to take action. The latter would be admirable had this been successful. Instead, Rigg finds himself shafted each and every time he goes out on a limb. Deliverance, honesty, virtue: the glare of reality dislodges what hopes he pins on these things to pass.

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I think this is somewhat of a statement on how idiosyncratic it is to liken advancement to independence or free enterprise, as laissez-faire economics serve to embitter class brackets and monopolize any-/everything, including the welfare state. For me: I have yet to reconcile the anomie which afflicts labourers and the have nots while reckoning ceases to exist for cruel, parasitic elites whom own the means of production.

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I could ramble [even more] about the implicit themes of horticulture, agronomy, and livestock which could be gleaned from the Saw series overall: the tacit likeness of flesh and anatomization [wherein Kramer details the literal and figurative bodywork of each apparatus he devises in his instructive recordings] to industrial meat production. Another thing I could ramble [even more] about is the horological dimension underlain in Kramer’s adoption of the pig guise since Saw IV reveals its origins to be from a zodiacal festival; but I’d think Kramer is too much of an empiricist to afford that much to fate or some prescription of cosmic order. I’m more inclined to think of a more blatant likeness in which Kramer regards subjects as bonafide hogs and is more or less apotropaic as he personally adopts the literal guise of one.

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Saw IV markedly conveys the crucial roles played in everyday life and afterlife by law enforcement. Each film depicts subjects whose agonized [inter]connections arise from jurisdictive actors whom relish and uphold the venality of carceral regimes. Praxes and politics underlay the wrongdoing players suffer or execute. Depending on what you believe in—fate or magistry—sanctions Kramer interposes can be read overall as karmic or coincidental.

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Saw IV proffers that life is conditioned on the vagaries of law enforcement. Kramer transposes Rigg’s compulsion to ‘save everyone‘ to reflect the proclivity of disciplinary, surveillance societies to—perhaps, unwittingly—tyrannize its citizens. Judiciaries and officers can and do summarily have marginalized positionalities incarcerated or executed for thwarting their purview. As Rigg strives to take all matters into his own hands and obsesses over missing or deceased colleagues, he inadvertently absconds the very social order he resolves to maintain.  He comprises a class of professionals whom cultivate and are privy to a wealth of information, domains, and governance unbeknownst to underlings or outsiders. Everyday people cannot monitor, enforce, or escape law and order. Therefore, they oblige these things lest they be punished or exiled.

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Eventually, Rigg ascertains the prosaic likeness between people and gatekeepers. He realizes that anyone can be rendered invisible, powerless, and disposable regardless of panoptic polity. This revelation comes once he—under Kramer’s watch—is subjected to this asymmetrical oversight. This occurred to me earlier this week once I spoke to a [more misanthropic] colleague. No matter what came from the plight of our ancestors; no matter where or upon what one stands; no matter how ideal things may seem—we will always be captive. Modernity does not overcome, but rather breeds a wider spectrum of enslavement. An open-air prison is still a prison. So is a seemingly tolerant one.

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Prisoners may rebel. Others will say that prisoners may riot, but these terms are not exactly interchangeable. Riots span a range of mass acts where people abandon what they know for what they don’t. They surrender themselves. They wholly aspire to integrate. Then, the crowd assumes a life of its own that thrives on insurrection. Rebellions concern the resistance of oppressed peoples against systemic violence. Rioters ultimately tend to be incorrigible and disjointed. They want to disrupt politics while rebels aspire to redefine or eliminate them.

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Saw IV actually does a good job in illustrating these distinctions to me. Through Rigg, I see the heart of the judicial systems which subjugate—and quite often, sadly, fail to protect—life as we know it. His own life attests to how positionality renders hollow the impunity given to those in power who attempt to forge judicature with the master’s tools. Blackness compounds an already intuitive, identifiable figure whose persona is harnessed unbeknownst to its allusion. If imperial ascriptions of civil order cannot be leveraged concomitant to integrity and good faith by the successors of emancipation, only resignation is possible. What underpins his obsession is a desire for tangible action from the forces of order whose platforms are not only purported for, but capable of such.

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The problem with Rigg is that his thought process and rationale are always one step behind his emotions. He speaks too loudly through his actions which consequently render him silent, and therefore unable to articulate that the justice system coalesces around an impersonal consensus that fails those most vulnerable. Rigg embodies how we cannot amend our oppressions as agents of the very discourse which justifies them.

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The arm of imperial law is an empty platitude in and of itself. Which is why I think Rigg is such a relatable character. We are taught to value ourselves in relation to others. But our sense of worth is innately flawed because we seldom see real honesty or kindness in others, so we become enamoured less with what comprises actual people and more with what—or who—we imagine. Rigg is transfixed by the feat of rescuing others more than seeing people as (or for) themselves; and each time he ventures to save someone, he is unsuccessful and resigned to a litany of vain regulations. Kramer just sees people as a mere succession of genes and reactions to stimuli. He maintains that the will to live lurks within and he endeavours to coax it out because it is withdrawn from consciousness.

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And, this is where I had and still—probably always will—have a problem: Rigg doesn’t really ‘qualify’ for a game to me. An indictment of agents whom wield state-sanctioned violence with legal impunity can justify Kramer’s overall focus on law enforcement. But while we can admonish penal overseers and systems for their failure to care for those they systemically prejudice, Rigg is condemned for caring too much. At best, he illustrates the necessity for boundaries: that we must recognize and respect our own limitations; that we may have a reality and satisfaction which aren’t conditional on vacuous optimism or the descent into pessimism that repudiates the future.

I can’t fault him for the latter.

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Characters like Rigg [likewise marginalized, racialized] remind me of myself in that we are credulous albeit painfully aware of how miserable life is or can be. There are no windows of opportunity or to the soul. We don’t see windows. We see gutters. When we realize that we can’t tidy them, we become nauseated by what filth resolutely mounts. People then vilify us as ungrateful or obnoxious.

As if we choose to be like this.

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Contrary to what most assume, we don’t lack will or imagination. It never occurs to anyone that our outlooks are actually vindicated by our lived experiences. We are cognizant of the (often unwitting or unapologetic) micro-aggressions that define the bulk of interactions with new or unavoidable people. Our lives have cultivated in lessons which affirm how and why trying to educate or relate is futile since our efforts prove moot. Because most folks’ [maintaining] privileges or feels always undermine our realities. Absolutely no one is exempt. Not even our own since “all skinfolk ain’t kinfolk.” Rigg is berated for being reckless and hopeless. Not once does anyone consider that his growing pessimism, however absconded, is valid nonetheless. The same world that builds certain people up has a predilection to tear us down. When we grow nihilistic and misanthropic, it is not indignant. These perspectives are borne of a presiding sense of despair that is beyond our control. This despair is also timeless. It is evinced by blood memory and cyclic evils.

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Kramer urges Rigg to cherish his life. Of course, the implication is that one cannot watch over others at the expense of overlooking themselves. The most obvious moral is that people must save themselves. Another implicit one is that people cannot be saved if they don’t want to be. Sure, Rigg cannot and should not assume the responsibilities or plights of others; but I think that’s beside the point.

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People liken me as exigent since I dwell on ensuring my survival and question the purpose of survival. I see myself in Rigg as starved and restless. I see myself in his incensed bereavement and the sheer intent which serves as his only cudgel to go onward. Rigg is completely within his right to despair. Some of the most dehumanizing things I face concern the reproach and disbelief of my emotions. This world strives less for reckoning and justice than it does for composure. There is always someone or something, some richling or platitude, that rebukes me even when I know I have every right to be angry or despondent. It’s not that I should be happy to be alive. It’s that I should be happy that I’m allowed to exist.

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Which adds another dimension to how insidiously privileged positionalities appropriate our cultures and mechanisms to strengthen their condescension. Our grasps of value and welfare break free of imperial concepts in temporality which are linear and forever bind us to anguish, and are meant to afford us the power to determine our own paths as Arrivants and Indigenous peoples. We instead see these models adulterated and weaponized by colonial contemporaries to legitimate their inaction, indecision, or disengagement. It’s fine for a SWAM to vacate his office to the detriment of others citing a mental health crisis. Whereas it’s somehow not fine if I express contempt for maltreatment and abuses of power from that office—despite my own crises. I am often deigned insatiable because I question the absence of guarantees or precarious odds. My ND obliges me to a daily cocktail of prescriptions. I can’t sleep without sedatives. Every night, I knock myself out simply because I’d lay awake musing of all the ways my life can—or is bound to—unravel; and on all the people I’ve loved and lost, and how it’s only a matter of time before I lose the ones I’ve got now.

Saw IV doesn’t drive home that we can’t save everyone. It conveys that we just can’t win.

Title song reference – “Born to Be Alive” by Patrick Hernandez

How Soon Is Now?

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Most films I’ve seen tend to open with extreme long shots. Likewise, the cinematography employed in first minute is often termed to be establishing shots since this is where audiences are granted their first taste of perspective; and in these shots, the camera is impartial in being parallel. Subjects are occluded by a literal and figurative bigger picture as visuality unfolds along a linear axis. But this indistinction isn’t exclusive to long shots. Even in close ups or medium shots, impersonality can be effected since subjects themselves preclude the absence of narrative. Ambiguity may also maintain characters as unknowns if we can’t discern or relate to their motives.

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Which is probably why nothing gets under my skin quite like psychological horror. It’s a subgenre whose horrors I have yet to fully describe, but maybe that’s the point; maybe it’s meant to invoke aversion—angst, fear, irresolution, loathing—by an inarticulate form of unnerving. It’s a distinct vein in the body of horror. There’s no pun intended when I say the body of horror has become a corpse. It’s an apt figure of speech since the horror genre has become oversaturated with a multitude of half-assed tropes whose imitability have devolved into pastiche and clichés which cheapen narratives as camp and disingenuous. The vein of psychological horror isn’t exempt from the corpse-like genre’s autolysis, which explains why it’s acclimated—if not, collapsed—with hallucinatory dei ex machina purported to be abstract.

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For me, good psychological horror films lead down a path which turns outs to be along a hillside. You don’t think to go on because the rise is unassuming; but no matter how far you go, something seemingly innocent or happenstance always occludes the apex. When you finally reach the top, you settle in to take in the view—only to realize that all along, there was a path next to yours. Not only is it adjacent, it’s well-trodden and whoever has walked it is worlds ahead of you. When you retrace your steps, you discover that your path wasn’t a ‘path’; not because it was fundamentally different, but because you’ve got nothing to prove there was ever any path at all. Still, you know there was a path. There had to be. How else could you be here? After a cursory glance, you realize you actually aren’t at the top; but the path you’re so sure of has yet to manifest. However, whatever lies ahead is on even ground. There’s no up or down. There’s just forward. It just makes sense to distrust whether you proceed or pack it in. The more things change, the more they stay the same. Given humankind’s tendency to destroy itself, you have to wonder if there’s such a thing as an advance. Except this outlook isn’t about logic or entropy. It’s personal. Everything in your life has led you to this point. You lived under the impression that you were going somewhere; you were meant for somewhere.

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Now, you’re in the middle of nowhere.

Psychological horror plays upon the mundane. It evokes fear in the fact that life as we know it is and always will be fractal despite the totality of the human mind. This subgenre’s best movies effect that catharsis comes down to alienation and disenchantment; and living under the weight of revelation that you were never really alive to begin with, wondering if you’ll ever feel alive, or resigned to the conclusion that one can never truly feel alive in the absence of delusion. These prospects aren’t fantasy-like or speculative. They’re real, if not imminent. Life itself as a phenomenon is novel, but each life as it manifests is empirically unremarkable. Existence is recurrent. Evolution doesn’t boil down to cultures or technologies because everything is already preset. In this way, history is bound to repeat itself because the knowledge of the past hasn’t inclined us to heed it. There is no God or angels regardless of how miraculously one may take flight because any ascent is contingent upon obliging demons a priori. Any happy ending or inspirational anecdote is moot, if not fallacy when disparity has a predetermined meaning.

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It’s been a while since I’ve cracked open Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, or Ligotti; but I remember what they were on about. I’m sure when I dust off their classics—wherever they may be in my never-ending library—I’ll be able to better relate psychological horror to continental philosophy for an academic article down the line. Which makes me think of a recent exchange I had on campus. These days, as a PhD student, I’m usually the most senior in my [required] elective classes. I happened to take one last semester which concerned philosophy and artificial intelligence, specifically if the latter could be capable of sentience or actual intelligence.

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Although the crux of its was philosophical, this class was cross-listed as a psychology course; and I only mentioned that because that might account for why it ended up being predominantly dudes, some of whom were edgelords (and some of whom I’ve seen lurk and whinge on campus pages). One day, we happened to gloss over the virulent egotism and bigotry of an infamous academic who happens to be a patron saint for today’s edgelords. The fact that those in my class incline people to “consider” them is unsurprising. I found one of my fellow students who proceeded to explain Nietzsche surprising—and amusing. Nietzsche came up since he was frequently cited (and laughably, misread) by the notorious aforementioned academic.

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I pretended not to know anything about him; I let this student—who was an undergrad with little, if any background in philosophy (or by extension: early modern and contemporary studies, classics, English, and miscellaneous social sciences or humanities—all of which I was familiar with or had aced)—try to explain what was behind [and what justified that bogus scholar’s reference of] Nietzsche, of all people! I won’t recount the bullshit he proceeded to relay as if it were remotely corrigible; but I will say it was surreal to see someone so woefully wrong feign expertise, even as they registered that their inarticulation betrayed their very own fallacy.

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Which is kind of a good segue into the film I watched this week, Abandon. It follows Catherine ‘Katie’ Burke (played by Katie Holmes), a university senior whose ambition and meticulosity ensures she is bound for a corporate ascent. The plot is driven by the pursuit of her ex-boyfriend, Embry (played by Charlie Hunnam) whose estate seeks to declare him deceased given his disappearance two years ago. Benjamin Bratt rounds out the narrative tripartite as Detective Wade Handler who is tasked with privately investigating the case. Although it’s been dubbed as psychological horror and likened to the realm of mystery, Abandon employs psychological horror at its core. It’s a series of everyday albeit eerie sketches which unearth many seeds which have failed to flourish for our three points of interest. Repression is personified mainly in Katie, the austere beauty whose fanatic WPM and hyper-focused scholarship overshadow her sense of self, time, and space; while Embry—the bourgeoise narcissist with a penchant for theatre—embodies sanctimony and mania. Handler represents a grim sense of wonder as his gazes seems to search offscreen, into the distance, in pursuit of something further than answers; something I suspect may reference one of many ruinous machinations of modern capitalism wherein happiness ceases to overcome the technologies which augment reality, prosperity, and celebrity.

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Each character, including those peripheral (such as the now wider-knowns: Gabrielle Union, Tony Goldwyn, and Zoey Deschanel), is walking a hillside path despite lacking any concept of summit. Abandon builds upon this, but falls short because it lacks continuity and momentum. Integral aspects of character development are only referenced in passing. These could’ve been explored as opposed to several emphases on impersonal character exchanges. The institutional angle of Abandon—through lenses of post-secondary education, neo-liberalism, and law enforcement—effects just how much success and survival are operant upon quick, superficial, and incisive insights as opposed kindness or principle. In terms of cinematography, the film employs a maximum visual and expressive use of the depth of field in long-shots which are underscored by foreboding scores. Fatalism and disconnected are further conveyed as the characters’ interrelation is conveyed through a singular or flattened planes. These span cool palettes and barren landscapes.

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For viewers, the horror of Abandon is one that bleeds in. We’re gradually unnerved as we watch Katie, Embry, Handler, and the rest of the ensemble scurry by because we’re inclined to consider our own paths in contrast. Thematically, this is what defines the film. As we wade onward, even as we may have yet to cultivate any sense of direction, the people and the world as we once knew fall away; but even if we’ve outgrown them, we can never shake the sense that it is us who they’ve left behind. People don’t persist because of any particular objective, but because they are constantly reminded of how little the world thinks of them. As we grow older, we don’t grow freer. We aren’t entrusted with independence and responsibility in adulthood, we’re categorically tasked with such as we’re expected to hold our own on the market.

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And, that’s really at the heart of Abandon. It drives home that our most poignant moments ensue when we find ourselves as alienated and isolated, instead of appeased by some abstract sense of reckoning or greater good. People are vainly inclined to emulate some semblance life even as they gradually die inside because of what alienation prevails during our formative years.

Title song reference – “How Soon is Now?” by The Smiths